ࡱ>  y  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~Root EntryǍPageMakerJ      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~  fJJ2@ @-@ nt00MPDG> P88 88 hL  d kZ 4&@ } @ Pd 0  @@@ L_  .  ^U N & &4 h  :K $7 MS4  B@ & >  ; G3Ld 26 kZ 3L @@ @  @   @}@Biostatistics,@@@@@@  GMMd@ #&@0@ (xKddd  @ @@ &,;]@@@_@3@@@m@ @ &);|@@@?cqPZ@ J@_ x x #(K { c3D:\!! @  '   ) ~ @ 7`+>%P%y@bA *P 4&%  &B 5 Na /@T@ 1@ '   ) @0@m _  , P x :0P%:@10zzUUSUrUU@UU!l:;<=>?!Document Master0񄋋D_-kD'|x%A\Pb` D_-kD'|x%A\Pb0Pp0PP Document Master"RC0񄋋D_-kD'|x%A\Pb '\P-kDlGáD*w-kDLD*w-kH!0Pp0PP UUNUUU@U@>U]@,456789!l:;<=>?!m!! !"#$!%&'()*!-./012!@~#+tR&$: _  , A0PP 456789!l:;<=>?!m!! !"#$!%&'()*!-./012! { UUU@U@>U  &B 5 N@ /@TP  D90P9@@,3@@N@P '90P !97@@V@ z@@y@bDocument Master0񄋋D_-kD'|x%A\Pb` D_-kD'|x%A\Pb0Pp0PP Document Master"RC0񄋋D_-kD'|x%A\Pb '\P-kDlGáD*w-kDLD*w-kH!0Pp0PP  @  '   )@0 ~ @ 7 -kDL @\P-kDlGáD*w-k BrD*w-kH!0_@~tp@~ #xNd3D:\!!C''#(Kd((~`+>%P%m9 &X& *N 4&% x x 7500.0450456789!l:;<=>?!m!! !"#$!%&'()*!-./012%$z jl\!<.`dd|#!x #t}#D߄tm4Ptddz#xvt{#P P%:0P`:@@,3@@4@5@@@N@x @ @@@@ &);@>@]@|@@@@?@@@@@!1A z@@V@ z@Pp0PN?8299general.ppdLetter.60lpi.300dpi1507500.0450600600600600,Cassette60.045.0-./012L?8109general.ppdLetter.60lpi.300dpi1507500.0450600600600600,Cassette60.045.0@0x x@0PP !@~#+tR&$P`@:P P A 6,@ l 6 (xKddZGdtext6h6h(xKdddkZGdtab ,@ l ,(xKddZGdbhh<(xKdddZGdq)X)X(xKddd)ZGdans,@ l  (xKddZGdref6,@ l 6 (xKdd22Gdline(xKdddZGdtab1##(xKddd ZGdtab2,@ l  ,(xKddZGdc-52NoneRegistrationPaperBlackRedGreen77Blue||75new@@@@@@@@@@@@yyn??????CyanMagentaYellowDark MagentaWP5Color_1Dark Redpinkch-2333333ch-1333333royalch-3ffLffLffL֩֩brwR8R8R8ccexpR8+pR8+pR8+xxDIC 2226pbrownGGGLight GrayGKK1111KK1111Dark CyanEEEEDark Blue^^^^Dark GreenII\\II\\BellGothic BT"Belwe Bd BTBelwe Cn BTBelwe Lt BTBenguiat Bk BTBenguiatGot Bk BT"BenguiatItcTEERBergellBermuda LP SquiggleBernhard BdCn BTBernhardFashion BTRBernhardMod BTBernhardTango BTBBertramBibleScrTBickley ScriptBinnerDBinnerDEERBlackletter686 BTBlacklightDBlippo Blk BT"BlippoBlaDEERBodoni Bd BTBodoni BdCn BTBodoni Bk BTBodoni BTBoinkBolt Bd BT"BookmanITC Lt BTBorders1RBorders2RBoxesRBremen Bd BTRBremen Blk BT"BriskBroadway BTBroadwayEngraved BTBrochureBrodyDBronxBruceOldStyle BTBrush455 BTBBrush738 BTBrushScrDEERBrushScript BTBBuildingsRBullets1RBullets2RBullets3RBulmer BTBusiness&GovernmentRBusorama Md BTBusterDBuxomDCaflischScript RegularCalligraph421 BTBCalligraph810 BTCamelliaDCamelliaDEERCancunCandidaCandida BTCarletonCarmina Blk BTCarmina Lt BTCarmina Md BTCasablancaAntiqueCaslon Bd BTCaslon224 Bk BTCaslon540 BTCaslonOldFace BTCaslonOldFace Hv BTCaslonOpnface BTCastleTCastleTLigCastleTUltCataneo BTBCataneo Lt BTBCataneo Swash BTBCaxton Bk BTCaxton Lt BTCentSchbook BdCn BTCentSchbook BTCentSchbook Mono BT2Century725 BdCn BTCentury725 Blk BTCentury725 BTCentury725 Cn BTCentury731 BTCentury751 BTCenturyExpd BTCenturyOldst BTCenturyOldStyTEERCenturySchTEERChaparral DisplayCharlesworthRCharter Bd BTCharter BTChartingRCheltenhamItcTEERCheltenhm BdCn BTCheltenhm BdHd BTCheltenhm BdItHd BTCheltenhm BTCheltenhm XBdCn BTChelthmITC Bk BTChillerChiselDCircleDCityDBolCityDEEBolRCityDEELigRCityDEEMedRCityDLigCityDMedClarendon Blk BTClarendon BTClarendon Cn BTClarendon Hv BTClarendon Lt BTClassGarmnd BTClocksRCloisterBlack BTCloisterOpenFace BTCommercialScrDEERCommercialScript BTBCommonBullets"Compacta Bd BT"Compacta Blk BT"Compacta BT"Compacta Lt BT"CompactaPEEBlaRComputersRCooper Blk BTCooper BlkHd BTCooper BlkIt BTCooper BlkItHd BTCooper BlkOul BTCooper Lt BTCooper Md BTCopprplGoth Bd BT"CopprplGoth BdCn BT"CopprplGoth BT"CopprplGoth Cn BT"CopprplGoth Hv BT"CosmicCosmicTwoCottageCountdownDCourier10 BT2CourierMCYQCrazy Creatures"Crillee It BT"Critter"CroissantDCushing Hv BTCushingItcTEEHeaRCutout"CzarDF Calligraphic OrnamentsEckmannDEgyptian505 BTEgyptian505 Lt BTEgyptian505 Md BTEgyptian710 BTEklekticElectronicsRElegaGarmnd BTEmbassy BTBEmboss"Serifa Th BTSouvenir Lt BTStaccato222 BTBSwiss911 XCm BT"TypoUpright BTBZapfEllipt BTZurich Ex BT"Kruti Dev 031Kruti Dev 014Kruti Dev 016Kruti Dev 021Kruti Dev 022Kruti Dev 024Kruti Dev 025Kruti Dev 026Kruti Dev 030Kruti Dev 013LinePrinter1$u@tp@~ #x @ BrBiostatistics GMMd (xKddd P P%:0P`:+@,@@@@ @~#+tR&$-@/@@0@ ;@>@P x :0P%:x P (90Px9 !:+Ch@B<cc,C(cc, Ccc,~Ccc,C6cc,C. @B, C@BC@B C@B, CcC,[cC,cC,C161.in an open injury toileting and debridement muscle viability is detected by : a. color of the muscle b. muscle size c. muscle function d. muscle contractility e. Punctate bleeding spots on cut Quality: Ref: Discussion Explanation correct choice VZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd"ZGdZGd ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdVh<(xKddd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd# (xKdd ,(xKdd (xKdd ,(xKdd ,(xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKddVh,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l #,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l U`'&CcC,cC, c+C, c:#,CWcC,cC,c&C,1 cC,@BC@BcC,c$C, @B, C@B, CcC,cC,wcC,.c0A@B<ca: CXcaN CX caD CX)ca0CXecc, C@BC@BcC,cC,@B, C@B,!Cs c c,BC@ c c, c@ CcC,c C,cC,c C,bc C,c c,1C@ CcC,C c c,c@ Cl cc, c@ CCc C,cC,c C, Cc C,5cC,GcC,CChCCC 52. True about calcium is/are a. Entry is regulated by calmodulin uptake b. Extracellular concentration of calcium is 10,000 times more than intracellular c. Symport uptake d. Entry into cell is passive c. Released by sarcoplasmic reticulum Ref:: ganong 35, Quality:spotter thinker reader BATA Discussion Explanation Correct choices: b, e . 3. Which of the following are organophosphates: A. dieldrin B. parathion C. malathion D. Kepone 5. Propoxur Ref::Trip 5th Page 81 Park 550 table Quality:reader Discussion Explanation: anticholinesterases Reversible Carbamates Acridine Physostigmine (Eserine) Neostigmine Pyridostigmine Edrophonium Rivastigmine Donepezil tacrine Irreversible Organophosphates Carbamates Dyflos DFP Echothiophate Parathion Malathion Diazinon TIK 20 Tabun Sarin Soman Carbaryl (Sevin) Propoxur(Baygon) Explanation A. dieldrin-organochlorine pesticide. incorrect choice. B. parathionirreversible OPC. correct choice. C. malathion irreversible OPC. correct choice D. Kepone/chlordecone- organochlorine pesticide. incorrect choice pesticide 5. Propoxurirreversible carbamates. incorrect choice Correct choices: b c 203. Which of the following are features of spinal shock a. Spasticity b. Urinary retention c. Areflexia d. Sensory level e. Increased DTRs Ref::clinical acumen Quality:spotter thinker reader BATA Discussion Spinal shock(neuronal) is the initial state just after an acute insult causing an UMN lesion caused by the temporary depressant effect on the anterior horn cells. Characterized by paralysis,areflexia,flaccidity,the chracteristic hypertonia and increased relexes of cotticospinal lesion appear after few hrs-days. Explanation Correct choices B C d 217. Which of the following predispose a patient to prehepatic encepalopathy a. Constipation b. Bacterial peritonitis c. Hemorrhage d. Hyperkalemia e. Dehydration Ref: HPIM 1715 Quality:spotter thinker reader BATA Discussion Common precipitants of hepatic failure Increased nitrogen load GIT bleeding Excess dietary protein Azotemia Constipation Electrolyte & metabolic imbalance Hypokalemia Alkalosis Hypoxia Hyponatremia Drugs Narcotics and Tranqulizers Sedatives Diuretics Miscellaneous Infection surgery Superimposed acute liver disease Progressive liver disease Explanation: A. Constipation B. Bacterial peritonitis being an infection. correct choice. C. Hemorrhage D. Hyperkalemia: Hypokalemia not Hyperkalemia is known to worsen hepatic Encephalopathy. 5. Dehydration can cause hypovolemia & electrolyte disturbances that can ppt. hepatic Encephalopathy Correct choices: a b c e 8. the drugs useful in the treatment of ectopic pregnancy is A. Methotrexate B. Actinomycin D C. Cyclophosphamide D. Potassium fluoride 5. Adriamycin Ref:: Dutta 202 Quality: spotter Explanation A. Methotrexate: used in medical therapy. correct choice. B. Actinomycin D. correct choice. C. Cyclophosphamide. Incorrect choice. D. Potassium fluoride: potassium chloride is used in ectopic pregnancy. Incorrect choice. 5. Adriamycin is not used in ectopic pregnancy. Correct choices A b 210. Adventitial bursitis due to tuberculosis is found in which of the following sites commonly a. Prepatellar b. Greater trochanter of femur c. Sub acromial d. Metatarsal e. Sub olecranon 209. Snow ball opacities in vitreous is seen in which of the following a. Parsplanitis b. Rheumatoid arthritis c. Anterior unietis d. Retinitis pigmentosa e. Endothelial dystrophy Ref: http://www. indmedica. com/cos/journal/vasculitis. html Quality:spotter thinker reader BATA Explanation A. Parsplanitis is characterized by snowball opacities. B. Rheumatoid arthritis is one of the causes of pars planitis hence may show snow ball opacities C. Anterior uveitis D. Retinitis pigmentosa 5. Endothelial dystrophy Correct choices: A b 77. The left border of the heart is formed by a. Pulmonary Artery b. Pulmonary vein c. Right ventricle d. Ascending aorta e. Arch of aorta Ref:: BDC 226,Grays 38th 1476 Quality: spotter thinker reader BATA Discussion Anatomically Right border is formed by RA. Left border of heart is formed by LA and LV. Upper border formed by LA, asc aota & pul trunk infron of it. Inferior border of the heart is formed by RV and contribution of LV at the apex. Correct choices NONE OF THE CHOICES ARE CORRECT Or 77. left border of the heart in chest XR is formed by a. pul artery b. pul vein c. abdominal aorta d. arch of aorta e. right ventricle Quality: :reader Reference: Discussion: Borders of cardiac silhouette on PA view Right border from above downwards Superior vena cava Outer border of R atrium Sometimes asc, arch of aorta & inferior vena cava Left border from above downwards Aortic knuckle Pul. Trunk or L pul artery L atrial appendage outer border of L ventricle correct choice: a d 9. the resting membrane potential depends on which of the following ions A. Magnesium B. Calcium C. Potassium D. Sodium 5. Chloride Ref:: Ganong 50 Quality: spotter Discussion The ionic basis of RMP: Explanation A. Magnesium has no role in RMP. B. Calcium has role in action potential in muscle cells not RMP C. Potassium. The major ion whose movements produce RMP. Correct choice. D. Sodium. incorrect choice. 5. Chloride. No role. Correct choices C 79. In acute inflammation the migration of neutrophils and its attachment to endothelium is mediated by which of the follwing. a. Integrins b. Selection s c. Adhesins d. Perforins e. Opsonins Ref:: Robbins 29, 273 Quality:spotter thinker reader BATA Explanation a. Integrins are transmembrane glycoproteins that function as cell receptors for extra cellular matrix. correct choice. b. Selectins=the loose and transient adhesions involved in rolling of leucocytes over endothelial cells are accounted for by the selectin family of molecules. E-selectin are present on on endothelial cells, P-selectin on platelets and endothelial cells and L-Selectins on leucocytes. c. Adhesins-are molecules that bind bacteria to cells e. g. lipoteichoic acid and protein F. d. Two classes of cytotoxins include perforins and granzymes. . The perforins form pores in the targets cell membranes. incorrect choice. e. Opsonins are protiens or peptides that label targets for phagocytosis by PMNs and/or macrophages. incorrect choice, Correct choices b 102. Susruta samhita was translated by a. Celsius b. harnel c. Bhargabhatta d. heslar e. Bernard Ref: http://www. ayurveda. com/online%20resource/ancient_writings. htm Quality: BATA Discussion: http://www. ayurveda. com/online%20resource/ancient_writings. htm Sushruta Samhita The Sushruta Samhita deals with the practice and theory of surgery, is an important source of Ayurvedic aphorisms. This work is the first to enumerate and discuss the pitta sub-doshas and the marmas. With its emphasis on pitta, surgery, and blood, this work best represents the transformational value of life. It is dais that this work was first redacted by Nagarjuna. This work, originally written in Sanskrit, is now available in English with Devanagari. Bhishagratnas translation is English and Sanskrit. P. V. Sharma has recently written a translation with both the Sanskrit/Devanagari and English that includes Dallanas commentary. Dallana has been regarded as the most influential commentator on Sushrutas work. Explanation Correct choices B d 21. Prozone phenomenon in precipitation reaction indicates a. False positive reaction b. False negative reaction c. due to excess antibodies d. Due to excess antigens e. Broken antibodies Ref: : AN 91 Quality: spotter 203. Which of the following are features of spinal shock f. Spasticity g. Urinary retention h. Areflexia i. Sensory level j. Increased DTRs Ref::clinical acumen Quality:spotter thinker reader BATA Discussion Spinal shock(neuronal) is the initial state just after an acute insult causing an UMN lesion caused by the temporary depressant effect on the anterior horn cells. Characterized by paralysis,areflexia,flaccidity,the chracteristic hypertonia and increased relexes of cotticospinal lesion appear after few hrs-days. Explanation 6. Spasticity appears hrs day after spinal shock has passed in an UMN lesion. 7. Urinary retention is a feature of spinal cord disease. appears first in case of disease originating from the canal and spreading outwards and last in mass lesions compressing spinal cord from the outside. Its a feature of spinal shock. 8. Areflexia is a feature of spinal shock. 9. Sensory level is seen in case of corticospinal lesion. 10. Increased DTRs will be seen after the spinal shock has passed. Correct choices B C d 202. Diseases inherited with triple repeat sequences include a. Huntingtons chorea b. Alzheimers disease c. Spinocerebellar ataxia d. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis e. Ataxia telangiectasia Ref:: Robbins 197,739,741,157 Quality:spotter thinker reader BATA Discussion Harrison 2294 table gives explicit information about genetic defects in neurological disease. Robbins has enumerated three diseases having triple repeat sequences: Fragile X syndrome Huntington;s ds, Myotonic dystrophy Explanation A. Huntingtons chorea:AD : CAG triple repeats in gene encoding proein huntingtin B. Alzheimers disease:AD mutations presenilin,apolipoprotein E4,APP genen C. Spinocerebellar ataxia:expansion of trinucleotide repeats in ataxin gene D. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis:AD mutation in Cu-Zn superoxide Dismutase SOD. 5. Ataxia telangiectasia AR mutation in ATM gene which causes triple repeat sequences and abnormal production of protein. Correct choices A c e 59. Tumor markers of hepatocellular carcinoma include a. CEA b. Des gamma carboxyprothrombin c. CA 19-9 d. Fucosylated alpha protein e. Alpha fetoprotien elevated in greater than 70% Ref:: HPIM 579, CMDT 689 http://www. intouchlive. com/consults/ccn9903b. htm Quality:spotter thinker reader BATA Discussion Alpha fetoprotein levels raised in Cirrhosis Massive liver necrosis Chronic hepatitis hepatocellular carcinoma Normal pregnancy Fetal distress or death Fetal neural tube defects-enencephaly & spina bifida Gonadal germ cell tumours teratoblastoma, Levels above 1000 ng/ml HCC CEA (Carcino Embryonic Antigen) elevated in: malignancies of the gastrointestinal tract (pancreas, colon, rectum), lung, breast, prostatic and ovary. inflammation and heavy smoking. CA-125 normally found in adult female fallopian tube, endometrium and endocervix. CA-15 elevated breast and lung cancer. . CA-199 elevated in intra-abdominal carcinomas, adenocarcinomas of the lung, gastric, biliary and colonic neoplasms. Explanation a. serum CEA levels alone are not specific for hepatocellular carcinoma but are nonetheless raised. correct choice. b. Des gamma carboxyprothrombin, an abnormal typre of [rothrombin which correlates with h levels of AFP. c. CA 19-9 levels are elevated in HCC. D most of the patients with hepatocellular carcinoma have an elevated serum concentration of fucosylated alpha-fetoprotein. correct choice. e. Alpha-fetoprotein elevated in greater than 70% . true. Correct choices A bcde 67. Which of the following are causes of posterior mediastinal mass: A. Neuroenteric cyst B. Neurogenic cyst C. Anterior thoraxic meningocele D. Lymphoma E. Bronchogenic cyst Anterior mediastinum: Middle Mediastinum: Posterior mediastinum: Germ cell neoplasm Lymphoma: Morgagni hernia Pericardial cyst Thymic lesions: Thyroid (Retrosternal goiter) Foregut duplication cysts Castlemans disease Lymphangioma Lymphoma Bronchogenic cyst Bochdalek Hernia Extramedullary Hematopoiesis Ganglioneuroma Ganglioneuroblastoma Neuroblastoma Lateral thoracic meningocele Malignant tumor of nerve sheath origin Neurofibroma Paraganglioma Pheochromocytoma Schwannoma Explanation A. Neuroenteric cyst is present in the posterior mediastinum or paravertebral area. B. Neurogenic cyst is present in the posterior mediastinum C. Anterior thoracic meningocele is present in the posterior mediastinum D. Lymphoma is a tumour of the middle or anterior mediastinum E. Bronchogenic cyst is a tumour of the middle mediastinum. Correct choices Abc 213. Peripheral neuropathy is seen in all of the following except a. Tuberculosis b. Polyarteritis nodasa c. Diabetes mellitus d. SLE 89. Diabetes mellitus is associated with all of the following except: a. Neuropathy b. Encephalopathy c. Myopathy d. Myelitis e. Myelopathy Ref: CMDT 1191,HPIM 2481 Quality:spotter thinker reader BATA Discussion Diabetic neuromuscular involvement may manifest as: A. Distal symmetric polyneuropathy B. Isolated peripheral neuropathy-mononeuropathy C. Mononeuritis multiplex D. Painful neuropathy 5. Autonomic neuropathy 6. Cranial neuropathypainful opthalmoplegia 7. Diabetic amyotrophy/proximal neuropathy/lumbosacral plexopathy 8. Ischemic myopathy of thigh muscles D e 127. In carbon monoxide toxicity a. There is left shift of oxygen dissociation curve b. Saturation of oxygen at 50% PaO2 is decreased c. Oxygen content of arterial blood is decreased d. Induces a state of metabolic acidosis e. Oxygen is used in treatment Ref: Ganong 17th 633 Quality:spotter thinker reader BATA Discussion Explanation a. There is left shift of oxygen dissociation curve. COHb shifts the curve of the remaining HbO2 to left decreasing the amount of O2 released by the normal saturated Hb. b. Saturation of oxygen at 50% PaO2 is decreased. I think this choice should be saturation of Hb at given PO2 is decreased which is untrue because the curve shifts to the left. This increases the saturation of Hb at givenPO2 and even makes the available HbO2 useless for oxygenation because it wont release the O2. c. Carboxu Hb reduces oxygen transportation by Hb thus Oxygen content of arterial blood is decreased. correct. d. Induces a state of metabolic acidosis because of the hypoxia e. Ventilation with O2 is preferable to ventilation with fresh air since O2 hastens the dissociation of COHb. Hyperbaric O2 is useful. Correct choices A c d e F | ZGdZGdZGd,ZGdSZGdZGdZGd'ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd1ZGdZGd ZGdZGd ZGdZGd ZGdZGdZGd ZGdZGd ZGdZGd ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd,ZGd ZGdZGdZGd ZGdZGd ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd ZGdZGd ZGd ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd ZGdZGd6ZGdZGd-ZGdZGd,ZGdZGdIZGd8ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd;ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd ZGd;ZGd ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdJZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd ZGd(ZGdZGdZGdZGd ZGdZGd#ZGd ZGd ZGd ZGd ZGdZGdZGdZGd ZGd ZGdZGdZGd"ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd;ZGdZGd ZGdZGdWZGdgZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd>ZGdZGd ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd ZGdZGd ZGdZGd8ZGdZGd ZGdZGd%ZGdZGdXZGd3ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdaZGdZGd!ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdIZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd8ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd ZGdZGdZGd6ZGdZGd^ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd/ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd ZGdZGd ZGd/ZGd@ZGdSZGdZGdZGd!ZGdZGdZGd8ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd ZGd ZGd ZGd*ZGd#ZGdZGdZGd3ZGd"ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdJZGdZGdZGd ZGdZGdZGdZGd ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd ZGd ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd ZGdZGdZGdZGd=ZGdZGdGZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd.ZGd$ZGd4ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd ZGd{ZGdZGd`ZGd(ZGd ZGdZGd ZGd?ZGd ZGdZGdkZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd$ZGdZGd ZGd ZGdZGd ZGd ZGdZGdZGdBZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd ZGdCZGdZGdZGdZGd8ZGdZGd<ZGdZGdaZGdZGdZGd ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd=ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd ZGdZGdZGdZGd ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd;ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd ZGd;ZGd ZGdRZGdZGd.ZGd=ZGdGZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd>ZGdZGdZGdZGd#ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd ZGd`ZGdZGdGZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd ZGdZGdPZGdZGdHZGdZGdIZGdZGdNZGd}ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd'ZGdZGd ZGd"ZGdZGd ZGd3ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd4ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd ZGd$ZGd ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd6ZGdZGdZGdZGd ZGdZGdZGdMZGdZGd ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd*ZGdZGd ZGdtZGdZGdZGdlZGd*ZGdZGd<ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdGZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdBZGdZGdZGdZGd ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd ZGd%ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd)ZGdZGdZGdZGd ZGdZGd ZGdZGdSZGdZGd9ZGdZGdGZGdZGd<ZGdZGd;ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdCZGdZGdZGdZGd ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd/ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd ZGdZGd5ZGdZGd ZGdZGd.ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd/ZGdDZGd(ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd"ZGd6ZGd3ZGd3ZGd+ZGd ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd?ZGdrZGdCZGdZGdZGdZGd ZGdZGdUMo e4@ (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd, (xKddS (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd' (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd% (xKdd ,(xKdd ,(xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd1h<(xKddd X(xKdddX(xKdddX(xKddd X(xKddd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd ,(xKdd! ,(xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd ,(xKdd:X(xKddd1X(xKddd0X(xKdddMX(xKddd8 (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd; (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd% (xKdd ,(xKdd; (xKdd ,(xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKddN (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd% (xKdd ,(xKdd( (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd# (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd" (xKdd (xKddh<(xKdddX(xKddd?X(xKdddX(xKddd[X(xKdddg (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd> (xKddX(xKdddX(xKdddX(xKdddX(xKddd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd ,(xKdd<X(xKddd$X(xKddd)X(xKddd\X(xKddd3 (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdda (xKdd (xKdd! (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKddI (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd9 (xKdd (xKdd% (xKdd (xKdd ,(xKdd (xKdd:X(xKdddbX(xKdddX(xKdddX(xKddd (xKddh<(xKddd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd/ (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd& (xKdd ,(xKdd (xKdd (xKdd/ (xKdd@ (xKddS (xKdd (xKdd! (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd8 (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd h<(xKddd h<(xKddd* (xKdd# (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd3 (xKdd" (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKddJ (xKdd (xKddX(xKddd X(xKdddX(xKddd X(xKddd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd ,(xKddh<(xKddd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd ,(xKdd#X(xKdddAX(xKdddKX(xKdddX(xKddd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd. (xKdd$ (xKdd4 (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd% (xKdd (xKdd ,(xKdd{ (xKdd (xKdd` (xKdd (xKddy (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd( (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKddG (xKdd (xKdd h<(xKdddC (xKdd (xKdd8 (xKdd (xKdd= (xKddb (xKdd (xKdd ,(xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd= (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd; (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd% (xKdd ,(xKdd; (xKdd ,(xKddR (xKdd (xKdd. (xKdd= (xKddG (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd> (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd# (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd% (xKdd ,(xKdd` (xKdd (xKddGh<(xKddd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd ,(xKddTX(xKdddLX(xKdddMX(xKdddRX(xKddd} (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd' (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd" (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd5 (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd5 (xKdd% (xKdd (xKdd ,(xKdd$ (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd6 (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd0 (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd* (xKdd (xKdd ,(xKddw (xKddl (xKdd* (xKdd (xKdd< (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKddGh<(xKddd (xKdd (xKdd# (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKddC (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd% (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd) (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd ,(xKddW (xKdd= (xKddK (xKdd@ (xKdd? (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKddC (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKddHh<(xKddd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd% (xKdd ,(xKdd (xKdd5h<(xKddd$X(xKddd2X(xKdddX(xKdddX(xKddd (xKdd/ (xKddD (xKdd( (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd" (xKdd6 (xKdd3 (xKdd3 (xKdd+ (xKdd! (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd% (xKdd ,(xKdd ,(xKdd (xKdd? (xKddr (xKddC (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd I@Q O@h a   ; ] ,@ K 1,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,,@ l S,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ',@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l %,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l 1h XXX X,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l !,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l :X1X0XMX8,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ;,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l %,@ l ,@ l ;,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l N,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l %,@ l ,@ l (,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l #,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ",@ l ,@ l hX?XX[Xg,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l >,@ l XXXX,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l <X$X)X\X3,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l a,@ l ,@ l !,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l I,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l 9,@ l ,@ l %,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l :XbXXX,@ l h,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l /,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l &,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l /,@ l @,@ l S,@ l ,@ l !,@ l ,@ l ,@ l 8,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l h h*,@ l #,@ l ,@ l ,@ l 3,@ l ",@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l J,@ l ,@ l X XX X,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l h,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l #XAXKXX,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l .,@ l $,@ l 4,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l %,@ l ,@ l ,@ l {,@ l ,@ l `,@ l ,@ l y,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l (,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l G,@ l ,@ l hC,@ l ,@ l 8,@ l ,@ l =,@ l b,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l =,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ;,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l %,@ l ,@ l ;,@ l ,@ l R,@ l ,@ l .,@ l =,@ l G,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l >,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l #,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l %,@ l ,@ l `,@ l ,@ l Gh,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l TXLXMXRX},@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ',@ l ,@ l ,@ l ",@ l ,@ l ,@ l 5,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l 5,@ l %,@ l ,@ l ,@ l $,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l 6,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l 0,@ l ,@ l ,@ l *,@ l ,@ l ,@ l w,@ l l,@ l *,@ l ,@ l <,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l Gh,@ l ,@ l #,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l C,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l %,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ),@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l W,@ l =,@ l K,@ l @,@ l ?,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l C,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l Hh,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l %,@ l ,@ l ,@ l 5h$X2XXX,@ l /,@ l D,@ l (,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ",@ l 6,@ l 3,@ l 3,@ l +,@ l !,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l %,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ?,@ l r,@ l C,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l 0 0@4 -S p (@w '  0@  .   *  "& *< W i w 0@ bailey, Reference: and love 724Hobo BTHoboDEERHollyweirdHomePlanningRHomePlanning2RHonda"HoratioDBolHoratioDLigHoratioDMedHorizon BT"HorndonDHouseholdRHumanst521 BT"Humanst521 Cn BT"Humanst521 Lt BT"Humanst521 UBd BT"Humanst521 XBd BT"Humanst521 XBdCn BT"Humanst531 Blk BT"Humanst531 BT"Humanst531 UBlk BT"Humanst970 BT"Humnst777 Blk BT"Humnst777 BT"Humnst777 Lt BT"HumstSlab712 Blk BTHumstSlab712 BTHuxleyVertical BT"HygieneRIceAgeDImperial BTImpress BTImpuls BTIncised901 Bd BT"Incised901 BdCn BT"Incised901 BT"Incised901 Ct BT"Incised901 Lt BT"Incised901 Nd BT"Incised901 NdIt BT"Industrial736 BTInformal011 Blk BT"Informal011 BT"IowanOldSt Blk BTIowanOldSt BTIrelandITC Officina Sans Book"ITC Officina Serif BookKabarettDKabel Bd"Kabel Bk BT"Kabel Dm BT"Kabel Md BT"Kabel Ult BT"KabelItcTEERKabelItcTEEDemRKabelItcTEEMedRKabelItcTEEUltRKaufmann Bd BTBKaufmann BTBKeypunchKeystrokeKhaki Two"KidnapRKidsKis BTKorinna BTKuenst480 Blk BTKuenst480 BTKunstlerschreibschDBolKunstlerschreibschDMedLandmarksRLandscapePlanningRLetterGotLCYBolRLetterGotLCYMedRLifeTEERLithos Regular"LubalinGraItcTEERLubalinGraItcTEEMedRLucidaSanTCYRMachineItcDEERMaximaCyrTCYLigComRMedicineRMicrogrammaDEEBolExtRMilitaryREmpire BT"EnglischeSchTEnglischeSchTDemBolEnglish111 Adagio BTBEnglish111 Presto BTBEnglish111 Vivace BTBEnglish157 BTBEngraversGothic BT"EngravrsRoman Bd BTEngravrsRoman BTEngrvrsOldEng Bd BTEngrvrsOldEng BTEnviroDEnviroDEEREras Bd BT"Eras Bk BT"Eras Contour"Eras Lt BT"Eras Md BT"Eras Ult BT"ErasItcPEEUltRErasItcTEERErasItcTEEDemRErasItcTEELigRErasItcTEEMedREwieDExotc350 Bd BT"Exotc350 DmBd BT"Exotc350 Lt BT"ExpoExPonto Regular"FestiveRFirenze"FlamencoDFlamencoInlDFlareserif821 BT"FlashDBolFlashDLigFlemishScript BTBFolioTEEBolConRFolioTEEMedRFoodRFranklinGotItcTEEBooRFranklinGotItcTEEDemRFranklinGotItcTEEHeaRFreehand471 BTFreehand521 BTBFreehand575 BTBFreehand591 BTBFreestyle Script"FreestyleScrDFreestyleScrDEERFrizQuadrata BT"FrizQuaItcTEERFurnitureRFuturaTEERFuturaTEEBolConRFuturaTEELigRFuturaTEELigConRFuturaTEEMedRFuturaTEEMedConRGaramond BookCondensedGaramond LightCondensedGaramondItcTEERGaramondItcTEEConRGaramondNo4CyrTCYLigRGaramondNo4CyrTCYMedRGaramondNo4TEELigRGaramondNo4TEEMedRGeographicSymbolsRGiddyup"GoudyOldStyTEERGoudyOldStyTEEExtBolRGreymantle MVB"HandelGotDBolHandelGotDLigHandelGothic BTHarlowDHarpoonHazelHehenHebTBolRHelv"Modern"Helvetica 55"Helvetica Ins"MilitaryIDRMinion CondensedMinion OrnamentsRMojo"MorseCodeRMurrayHilDEERMusicRMusicalSymbolsRMyriad Roman"Myriad Tilt"NauticalFlagsRNevisonCasDEERNicolasCocTEEBlaRNicolasCocTEERegRNimbusRomDCYRNimbusSanLCYRNimbusSanNo5TCYRNimbusSanNo5TCYMedRNueva BoldExtendedNueva RomanNuptialScriptNyxOCRA Alternate"OfficePlanningROuch"ParkAveDEERPeopleRPITARA-A01RELIGIOUSPITARA-A02RELIGIOUSPITARA-A03RELIGIOUSPITARA-A04RELIGIOUSPITARA-A05RELIGIOUSPITARA-A06RELIGIOUSPITARA-A07RELIGIOUSPITARA-A08RELIGIOUSPITARA-A09RELIGIOUSPITARA-A10RELIGIOUSPITARA-A11RELIGIOUSPITARA-A12RELIGIOUSPlantsRPoetica ChanceryIPompeia Inline"Postino ItalicRevuePEERSanvito LightSanvito RomanScienceRSemaphoreRSerifaDEERSerifaDEELigRSerpentineDEEBolRShapes1RShapes2RShuriken Boy"Sign LanguageRSignsRSouvenirItcTEEDemRSouvenirItcTEELigRSpaceRSports&HobbiesRSportsFiguresRSpumoni LPStars1RStars2RStencilDEERSymbolProp BTkRTechnologyRTektoMM_100 LT 250 CN"TektoMM_100 LT 564 NO"TektoMM_100 LT 850 EX"TektoMM_240 RG 250 CN"TektoMM_240 RG 850 EX"TektoMM_503 BD 250 CN"TektoMM_503 BD 488 NO"TektoMM_503 BD 850 EX"TimelessTCYLigRTms RmnRomanToolsRTracksRTransportationRUmbra BTUnivrstyRoman Bd BTUnivrstyRoman BTUptight Neon"rgin of ErP P%:0P`:old size Explanation A. Prevalence of the diseaP z:0PX&:eans, or from where the question has come from, then you have to go immediately to the next question J ZGdZGd,ZGd ZGd_ZGd ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd ZGd5ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdRZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd[ZGd ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd ZGd=ZGdZGdZGdZGd ZGdZGdZGd ZGdZGdZGd ZGdZGd ZGdZGdZGd^ZGdZGdZGdZGddZGdZGdZGdZGdgZGdZGdZGdZGd$ZGdZGd ZGdhZGdZGdlZGd7ZGdZGd1ZGdZGd#ZGdZGd#ZGdZGd$ZGdZGd ZGd$ZGdZGdZGd NoneRegistrationPaperBlackRedGreen77Blue||75new@@@@@@@@@@@@yyn??????CyanMagentaYellowDark MagentaWP5Color_1Dark Redpinkch-2333333ch-1333333royalch-3ffLffLffL֩֩brwR8R8R8ccexpR8+pR8+pR8+xxDIC 2226pbrownGGGLight GrayGKK1111KK1111Dark CyanEEEEDark Blue^^^^Dark GreenII\\II\\Gd ZGdSerifa Th BTSouvenir Lt BTStaccato222 BTBSwiss911 XCm BT"TypoUpright BTBZapfEllipt BTZurich Ex BT"Kruti Dev 031Kruti Dev 014Kruti Dev 016Kruti Dev 021Kruti Dev 022Kruti Dev 024Kruti Dev 025Kruti Dev 026Kruti Dev 030Kruti Dev 013LinePrinter1Gd+Z@~#+tR&$GdZGdZP x :0P%:GdZGdZGd ZGdZGd3ZGdZGd"ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd1ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd&,@ l ,@ l I,@ l 9,@ l ),@ l 7,@ l &,@ l ",@ l !,@ l ,@ l 1,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ..--__  KdddX(xKdddX(xKdddX(xKddd ,(xKdd ,(xKddZ (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd ,(xKdd (xKdd ,(xKdd (xKdd ,(xKdd$ (xKdd ,(xKdd# (xKdd (xKddmh<(xKddd& (xKdd& (xKdd& (xKdd% (xKdd ,(xKdd( ,(xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd- (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd ,(xKdd (xKddBellGothic BT"Belwe Bd BTBelwe Cn BTBelwe Lt BTBenguiat Bk BTBenguiatGot Bk BT"BenguiatItcTEERBergellBermuda LP SquiggleBernhard BdCn BTBernhardFashion BTRBernhardMod BTBernhardTango BTBBertramBibleScrTBickley ScriptBinnerDBinnerDEERBlackletter686 BTBlacklightDBlippo Blk BT"BlippoBlaDEERBodoni Bd BTBodoni BdCn BTBodoni Bk BTBodoni BTBoinkBolt Bd BT"BookmanITC Lt BTBorders1RBorders2RBoxesRBremen Bd BTRBremen Blk BT"BriskBroadway BTBroadwayEngraved BTBrochureBrodyDBronxBruceOldStyle BTBrush455 BTBBrush738 BTBrushScrDEERBrushScript BTBBuildingsRBullets1RBullets2RBullets3RBulmer BTBusiness&GovernmentRBusorama Md BTBusterDBuxomDCaflischScript RegularCalligraph421 BTBCalligraph810 BTCamelliaDCamelliaDEERCancunCandidaCandida BTCarletonCarmina Blk BTCarmina Lt BTCarmina Md BTCasablancaAntiqueCaslon Bd BTCaslon224 Bk BTCaslon540 BTCaslonOldFace BTCaslonOldFace Hv BTCaslonOpnface BTCastleTCastleTLigCastleTUltCataneo BTBCataneo Lt BTBCataneo Swash BTBCaxton Bk BTCaxton Lt BTCentSchbook BdCn BTCentSchbook BTCentSchbook Mono BT2Century725 BdCn BTxK '\P-kDlGáD*w-kDLD*w-k '\P-kDlGáD*w-kDLD*w-kH!0߸pP0PP R0񄋋D_-kD'|x%A\Pb '\P-kDlGáD*w-kDLD*w-kH!0Pp0PP )n  '\P-kDlGáD*w-kDLD*w-k '\P-kDlGáD*w-kDLD*w-kH!0߸pP0PP  O0񄋋D_-kD'|x%A\Pb '\P-kDlGáD*w-kDLD*w-kH!0Pp0PP  Z J '\P-kDlGáD*w-kDLD*w-k '\P-kDlGáD*w-kDLD*w-kH!0߸pP0PP  !0񄋋D_-kD'|x%A\Pb '\P-kDlGáD*w-kDLD*w-kH!0Pp0PP   '\P-kDlGáD*w-kDLD*w-k '\P-kDlGáD*w-kDLD*w-kH!0߸pP0PP ^ 0񄋋D_-kD'|x%A\Pb '\P-kDlGáD*w-kDLD*w-kH!0Pp0PP )n  '\P-kDlGáD*w-kDLD*w-k '\P-kDlGáD*w-kDLD*w-kH!0߸pP0PP  O0񄋋D_-kD'|x%A\Pb '\P-kDlGáD*w-kDLD*w-kH!0Pp0PP  Z J '\P-kDlGáD*w-kDLD*w-k '\P-kDlGáD*w-kDLD*w-kH!0߸pP0PP  !0񄋋D_-kD'|x%A\Pb '\P-kDlGáD*w-kDLD*w-kH!0Pp0PP  dd" (xKdd! (xKdd ,(xKdd1 (xKdd ,(xKdd (xKdd (xKdd 8 &B 5N N^ /@w&,@ l Zh ,@ l h hhGhh(h@hh9h,@ l !F$8 ,@ l F$8 F$8 F$8 "F$8 6F$8 6F$8 ,@ l !F$8 ,@ l 3  ,m f .HP LaserJet 2100 Series PCL 6HP LaserJet 2100 Series PCL 6LPT1:@@xGMMd(xKdddContents^tIndex ,^>;^>^=.^>X C:\PM6\RSRC\USENGLSHxA88dd0PP  db ..--__  -kD'|x%A\Pb '\P-kDlGáD*w-kDLD*w-kH!0Pp0PP  ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l $,@ l ,@ l #,@ l ,@ l mh&,@ l &,@ l &,@ l %,@ l ,@ l (,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l -,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l UhVh,@ l *,@ l ,@ l KhXXXCentury725 Blk BTCentury725 BTCentury725 Cn BTCentury731 BTCentury751 BTCenturyExpd BTCenturyOldst BTCenturyOldStyTEERCenturySchTEERChaparral DisplayCharlesworthRCharter Bd BTCharter BTChartingRCheltenhamItcTEERCheltenhm BdCn BTCheltenhm BdHd BTCheltenhm BdItHd BTCheltenhm BTCheltenhm XBdCn BTChelthmITC Bk BTChillerChiselDCircleDCityDBolCityDEEBolRCityDEELigRCityDEEMedRCityDLigCityDMedClarendon Blk BTClarendon BTClarendon Cn BTClarendon Hv BTClarendon Lt BTClassGarmnd BTClocksRCloisterBlack BTCloisterOpenFace BTCommercialScrDEERCommercialScript BTBCommonBullets"Compacta Bd BT"Compacta Blk BT"Compacta BT"Compacta Lt BT"CompactaPEEBlaRComputersRCooper Blk BTCooper BlkHd BTCooper BlkIt BTCooper BlkItHd BTCooper BlkOul BTCooper Lt BTCooper Md BTCopprplGoth Bd BT"CopprplGoth BdCn BT"CopprplGoth BT"CopprplGoth Cn BT"CopprplGoth Hv BT"CosmicCosmicTwoCottageCountdownDCourier10 BT2CourierMCYQCrazy Creatures"Crillee It BT"Critter"CroissantDCushing Hv BTCushingItcTEEHeaRCutout"CzarDF Calligraphic OrnamentsEckmannDEgyptian505 BTEgyptian505 Lt BTEgyptian505 Md BTEgyptian710 BTEklekticElectronicsRElegaGarmnd BTEmbassy BTBEmboss"Hobo BTHoboDEERHollyweirdHomePlanningRHomePlanning2RHonda"HoratioDBolHoratioDLigHoratioDMedHorizon BT"HorndonDHouseholdRHumanst521 BT"Humanst521 Cn BT"Humanst521 Lt BT"Humanst521 UBd BT"Humanst521 XBd BT"Humanst521 XBdCn BT"Humanst531 Blk BT"Humanst531 BT"Humanst531 UBlk BT"Humanst970 BT"Humnst777 Blk BT"Humnst777 BT"Humnst777 Lt BT"HumstSlab712 Blk BTHumstSlab712 BTHuxleyVertical BT"HygieneRIceAgeDImperial BTImpress BTImpuls BTIncised901 Bd BT"Incised901 BdCn BT"Incised901 BT"Incised901 Ct BT"Incised901 Lt BT"Incised901 Nd BT"Incised901 NdIt BT"Industrial736 BTInformal011 Blk BT"Informal011 BT"IowanOldSt Blk BTIowanOldSt BTIrelandITC Officina Sans Book"ITC Officina Serif BookKabarettDKabel Bd"Kabel Bk BT"Kabel Dm BT"Kabel Md BT"Kabel Ult BT"KabelItcTEERKabelItcTEEDemRKabelItcTEEMedRKabelItcTEEUltRKaufmann Bd BTBKaufmann BTBKeypunchKeystrokeKhaki Two"KidnapRKidsKis BTKorinna BTKuenst480 Blk BTKuenst480 BTKunstlerschreibschDBolKunstlerschreibschDMedLandmarksRLandscapePlanningRLetterGotLCYBolRLetterGotLCYMedRLifeTEERLithos Regular"LubalinGraItcTEERLubalinGraItcTEEMedRLucidaSanTCYRMachineItcDEERMaximaCyrTCYLigComRMedicineRMicrogrammaDEEBolExtRMilitaryREmpire BT"EnglischeSchTEnglischeSchTDemBolEnglish111 Adagio BTBEnglish111 Presto BTBEnglish111 Vivace BTBEnglish157 BTBEngraversGothic BT"EngravrsRoman Bd BTEngravrsRoman BTEngrvrsOldEng Bd BTEngrvrsOldEng BTEnviroDEnviroDEEREras Bd BT"Eras Bk BT"Eras Contour"Eras Lt BT"Eras Md BT"Eras Ult BT"ErasItcPEEUltRErasItcTEERErasItcTEEDemRErasItcTEELigRErasItcTEEMedREwieDExotc350 Bd BT"Exotc350 DmBd BT"Exotc350 Lt BT"ExpoExPonto Regular"FestiveRFirenze"FlamencoDFlamencoInlDFlareserif821 BT"FlashDBolFlashDLigFlemishScript BTBFolioTEEBolConRFolioTEEMedRFoodRFranklinGotItcTEEBooRFranklinGotItcTEEDemRFranklinGotItcTEEHeaRFreehand471 BTFreehand521 BTBFreehand575 BTBFreehand591 BTBFreestyle Script"FreestyleScrDFreestyleScrDEERFrizQuadrata BT"FrizQuaItcTEERFurnitureRFuturaTEERFuturaTEEBolConRFuturaTEELigRFuturaTEELigConRFuturaTEEMedRFuturaTEEMedConRGaramond BookCondensedGaramond LightCondensedGaramondItcTEERGaramondItcTEEConRGaramondNo4CyrTCYLigRGaramondNo4CyrTCYMedRGaramondNo4TEELigRGaramondNo4TEEMedRGeographicSymbolsRGiddyup"GoudyOldStyTEERGoudyOldStyTEEExtBolRGreymantle MVB"HandelGotDBolHandelGotDLigHandelGothic BTHarlowDHarpoonHazelHehenHebTBolRHelv"Modern"Helvetica 55"Helvetica Ins"@@ @@  @ @@ @ @ @ @@  @@@@@@@@@@ $@'@)@+@,@@-@-@;S@r@@@@@@@@@@@@@,3@@4@5@@@N@@m@ x@  @@@@@&);@>@]@|@@@@?@Ac@@~ @@@@!1AZaz@@@@0J@@9,@ l ),@ l 7,@ l &,@ l ",@ l !,@ l ,@ l 1,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l @  '   )@  @ @A January 2003 dGMMddGMMddGMMd(xKddd+@+@]PG SeriesAlPG Entrance ExaminationsdGMMddGd(dGMMd+(xKddd+t't'|! |!   8 8 JJ  FF  &B 5N N^ /@wS@rNd3D:\!!C''#(Kd(d(w`%@p&(&l9 &X& *P 4&% P P @7@@V@@@V%,((P '90P !9 @   P d(90Px9 @$ $ $P (&:0P`:P z:0PX&:ye '\P-kDlGáD*w-kDLD*w-k '\P-kDlGáD*w-kDLD*w-kH!0Pp0PP zh@0񄋋D_-kD'|x%A\Pb '\P-kDlGáD*w-kDLD*w-kH!0Pp0PP {Me '\P-kDlGáD*w-kDLD*w-k '\P-kDlGáD*w-kDLD*w-kH!0߸pP0PP |n 0񄋋D_-kD'|x%A\Pb '\P-kDlGáD*w-kDLD*w-kH!0Pp0PP }, '\P-kDlGáD*w-kDLD*w-k '\P-kDlGáD*w-kDLD*w-kH!0߸pP0PP ~6;j0񄋋D_-kD'|x%A\Pb '\P-kDlGáD*w-kDLD*w-kH!0Pp0PP @ @@@@@7@@V@@@456789!l:;<=>?!m!! !"#$!%&'()*!-./012%@0PP :+@+@MilitaryIDRMinion CondensedMinion OrnamentsRMojo"MorseCodeRMurrayHilDEERMusicRMusicalSymbolsRMyriad Roman"Myriad Tilt"NauticalFlagsRNevisonCasDEERNicolasCocTEEBlaRNicolasCocTEERegRNimbusRomDCYRNimbusSanLCYRNimbusSanNo5TCYRNimbusSanNo5TCYMedRNueva BoldExtendedNueva RomanNuptialScriptNyxOCRA Alternate"OfficePlanningROuch"ParkAveDEERPeopleRPITARA-A01RELIGIOUSPITARA-A02RELIGIOUSPITARA-A03RELIGIOUSPITARA-A04RELIGIOUSPITARA-A05RELIGIOUSPITARA-A06RELIGIOUSPITARA-A07RELIGIOUSPITARA-A08RELIGIOUSPITARA-A09RELIGIOUSPITARA-A10RELIGIOUSPITARA-A11RELIGIOUSPITARA-A12RELIGIOUSPlantsRPoetica ChanceryIPompeia Inline"Postino ItalicRevuePEERSanvito LightSanvito RomanScienceRSemaphoreRSerifaDEERSerifaDEELigRSerpentineDEEBolRShapes1RShapes2RShuriken Boy"Sign LanguageRSignsRSouvenirItcTEEDemRSouvenirItcTEELigRSpaceRSports&HobbiesRSportsFiguresRSpumoni LPStars1RStars2RStencilDEERSymbolProp BTkRTechnologyRTektoMM_100 LT 250 CN"TektoMM_100 LT 564 NO"TektoMM_100 LT 850 EX"TektoMM_240 RG 250 CN"TektoMM_240 RG 850 EX"TektoMM_503 BD 250 CN"TektoMM_503 BD 488 NO"TektoMM_503 BD 850 EX"TimelessTCYLigRTms RmnRomanToolsRTracksRTransportationRUmbra BTUnivrstyRoman Bd BTUnivrstyRoman BTUptight Neon"UtopiaVAG Rounded Lt"VAG Rounded Th"VanDijkDEERViva BoldExtraExtendedViva RegularWalkman-Chanakya-901"Walkman-Chanakya-Bd-Italix-901"Walkman-Chanakya-Boldx-901"Walkman-Chanakya-Italix-901"WeatherRWillowWoodtype Ornaments 1RZapfDingbatsRZapfDingbats BToRMarlettLucida Console1Tahoma"Courier New1Arial Black"Comic Sans MSBImpact"Verdana"WebdingsWP Greek CenturyWP MultinationalA Courier1WP MultinationalB Courier1WP BoxDrawing1 WP Greek Courier1WP Hebrew DavidWP MultinationalA HelveWP MultinationalB HelveWP Phonetic"WP TypographicSymbolsWP IconicSymbolsAWP IconicSymbolsBWP MathAWP MathBWP MathExtendedAWP MathExtendedBWP Greek HelveWP JapaneseWP MultinationalA RomanWP MultinationalB RomanWP CyrillicAWP CyrillicBWP Arabic SihafaWP ArabicScript SihafaHaettenschweiler"Arial Narrow"Bookman Old StyleMonotype SortsGaramondMS OutlookBookshelf Symbol 1"Bookshelf Symbol 2Bookshelf Symbol 4"Bookshelf Symbol 5Albertus Extra Bold"Albertus Medium"Antique Olive"CG Omega"CG TimesClarendon CondensedCoronetBLetter Gothic1MarigoldBUnivers"Univers Condensed"Palatino-Bold ThPalatino-ItalicBook AntiquaDauphinFuturaBlack BTRFutura Md BT"Futura XBlk BT"Futura Lt BT"GoudyHandtooled BTRGoudyOlSt BTLithographLithographLightRMT ExtraOzHandicraft BTBPosterBodoni BTSerifa BT,@ l ,@ l ,@ l #,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l #,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l Y,@ l ,@ l e,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l n,@ l V,@ l ,@ l BhJh6,@ l CCE#,@ l Rh XXX X,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ;,@ l !,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l hmIhpJh ,@ l khyh|h/h ,@ l h,@ l ,@ l j,@ l ,@ l 7h5X'X'X(X,@ l ,@ l (,@ l ,@ l #,@ l O,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l hhh,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l T,@ l ,@ l hHXXQXX@ C># Ct Arial" !Bookshelf Symbol 3!Helvetica" !Palatino!Wingdings!Symbol!Times!Times New Roman!TektoMM_240 RG 564 NO"TektoMM"Aachen BTAachenDEEMedRAdLib BTAGaramondAldine401 BTAldine721 BTAldine721 Lt BTAlefbetAlexei Copperplate"AlgerianBasDAlgerianBasDEERAlgerianDAllegro BTRAlternateGothic2 BT"Amazone BTBAmelia BTAmericana BTAmericana XBd BTAmericana XBdCn BTAmericanText BTAmericanTypItcDEEBolRAmericanTypItcDEEMedRAmericanUncDAmeriGarmnd BTAmerigo BTAmerigo Md BTAmerType Md BTAnimals 1RAnimals 2RArchitectureArnoldBoeDArriba ArribaArrows1RArrows2RArrus Blk BTArrus BTArsisDEERegRArsisDRegAtlantic Inline"Aurora BdCn BT"Aurora Cn BT"AvantGarde Bk BT"AvantGarde Md BT"AvantGarGotItcTEERAvantGarGotItcTEEDemRAwardsRBakerSignet BTBBalloon Bd BTBalloon Lt BTBalloon XBd BTBalloonsRBangBankGothic Lt BT"BankGothic Md BT"BardBaskervilleOldFacDEERBauerBodDEERBauerBodni BdCn BTBauerBodni Blk BTBauerBodni BlkCn BTBauerBodni BTBauerBodni Titl BTBauhaus Hv BT"Bauhaus Lt BT"Bauhaus Md BT"BauhausITCEEHeaRBauhausItcTEEBolRBauhausItcTEEMedRBedrockBeehiveBellCent Add BT"BellCent BdList BT"BellCent NamNum BT"BellCent SubCap BT"BellGothic Blk BT"X,@ l ,@ l hO,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,,@ l ,@ l _,@ l ,@ l hhhh ,@ l 5,@ l h,@ l ,@ l ,@ l gh-XXXX,@ l ,@ l       !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxz{|}~,@ l x,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l 2,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l z,@ l u,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l h,@ l ),@ l S,@ l , B. First quartile will have distribution in the ratio = 1:3 (as 25% observations are to the left and 75% to the right). C. Third quartile will have distribution in the ratio= 3:1 (as 75% of observations are to the left and 25% to the right). D. Mode is the most commonly occurring value. Comments Centiles are commonly used in Growth Charts (see the chapter Preventive Medicine in OG and Paediatrics) Tips Quartile has 4 parts and 3 points. Quintiles will have 5 parts and 4 points and so on. The number of points will be one less than the number of parts. The root in the terminology refers to the parts and not the points. That means if some- one asks you about how many points will be there in an octile, dont jump to say 8. Octiles have 8 parts and 7 points. 53. Chi-square test is used to measure the degree of: A. Causal relationship between exposure and effect. B. Association between two variables. C. Correlation between two variables. D. Agreement between two observations. Answer: B (Association between two variables) Ref: Mahajan, 168,169 gives the ANSWER; Also can be seen in; Bhaskar Rao, 115; Park 16th edn, 598; Park 17th edn, 616 Quality: Too Much Status: New and will be repeated !! QTDF: Mahajan Page 169 Discussion Chi -square test involves calculation of a quantity called Chi-square (C2) from the Greek letter Chi and pronounced as kye. It was developed by Karl Pearson and has got the following three common, but very important applications in medical statistics as a test of: Proportion Association Goodness of fit The test of association between two events in binominal or multinominal samples is the most important application of the test in statistical methods. It measures the probability of association between two discrete attributes. Explanation Self Explanatory Comments Fed up with Biostatistics.??!! Something else the Greek alphabet Chi (C) is the name behind the terms Optic Chiasma (looks like a cross) and Chiasma in chromosomes. Tips Be ready with all the formulae in statistics. Often you may get numerical problems. 54. The P value of a randomised controlled trial comparing operation A (new procedure) and Operation B (Gold standard) is 0.04. From this, we conclude that: A. Type II error is small and we can accept the findings of the study. B. The probability of a false negative conclusion that operation A is better than operation B, when in truth it is not, is 4%. C. The power of study to detect a difference between operation A and B is 96% . D. The probability of a false positive conclusion that operation A is better than operation B, when in truth it is not, is 4%. Answer: D (The probability of a false positive conclusion that operation A is better than operation B, when in truth it is not, is 4%) Ref: Sabiston Pretest Chapter 2...Q.22.; Sabiston , 153 to 154; Also can be seen in ; Biostatistics Buster 129; Mahajan 122; High Yield Biostatistics Page 71; Bhaskar Rao 77 Quality: Thinker Status: New Question QTDF: Sabiston Pretest Chapter 2...Q.22, the question and the choices are taken verbatim..... Discussion The P value or alpha is the probability that a false positive conclusion is selected when in truth it is not is called an Alpha (Type I) Error. The errorneous false negative conclusion is called a Beta (Type II) Error. The probability of drawing a true positive conclusion when this is correct is called the power of study. By convention, most studies use a 5% risk of concluding that experimental therapy and the conventional therapy produce different clinical outcomes when, in fact, they do not (a false positive, Type I, or Alpha Error of 0.05) and run a 20% risk of concluding that experimental and conventional therapy do not produce a clinical outcome when in fact they do (a false negative, Type II or Beta Error or 0.2). The power of study is then 1 to 0.20 or 80% chance of finding a difference between two therapies and of finding a statistical difference. Explanation Self Explanatory Comments I am sure you would not have expected an SPM Question from Surgery but this is the way with AIIMS people !!!! Sabiston Pretest gives few other rather important points, in a different perspective. A lot of questions can be answered from that and it is a small book (and can be read in one day) as compared to Schwartz Pretest. Schwartz Pretest gained immense popularity as surgery questions and choices of AIPG 2002 were asked verbatim from that book. Tips Type I Error Ilusion You see something that is not there. Type II Error beta Blindness You dont see something that is there. Mnemonic from Biostatistics Buster by Himanshu Tyagi 55. For calculation of sample size for a prevalence study all of the following are necessary, except: A. Prevalence of the disease in population. B. Power of the study. C. Significance level. D. Desired precision. Answer: B (Power of the study) Ref: Methods of Biostatistics by Bhaskar Rao (PARAS) First Edition Section 9 - Calculation of Sample Size - Pages 102 - 105 Quality: For Statisticians Status: New QTDF: Bhaskar Rao Discussion Calculation of sample size for a qualitative data Sample size (N) = 4pq/L2, where p = positive character q = 1 p L = allowable error in p (in %) usually 10% or 20% of p E.g. : Death rate of measles in children is found to be 10 %. What should be the size of sample needed to find death rates of measles. Here, p = 10% q = 90% L is 10% of 10% = 1 Hence, N = 4 pq/L2 = 4 90 10 /1 1 = 3600 Calculation of sample size for a quantitative data Sample size (N) = {4 pq/L2} {x (1.1)/rnh,}, where N = required sample size 4 = factor required to achieve the 95% level of confidence (Significance level comes here - Choice C) p = Prevalence of Indicator (Choice A) L = Margin of Error to be tolerated (Allowable error, i.e. Precision - Choice D) q = prevalence of negative character x = design effect 1.1 = factor required to raise the sample size by 10% for non -response g = propation of our population in the total population hh = Average household size Explanation A. Prevalence of the disease in population is needed. B. Power of the study is not needed. C. Significance level is needed. D. Desired precision is needed. Comments More information can be seen at the book quoted. Tips When you see a question like this in exam, and you cant even know what it means, or from where the question has come from, then you have to go immediately to the next question. dZGdZGdZGdft and 80% to its right. Deciles: Nine in number, divide the distribution into 10 equal parts. First decile or 10th percentile will have 10% observations on its left and 90% to its right 5th decile will be same as median. Explanation A. Median is the middle value, when all the values are arranged either in ascending or descending order. ,(xKdd (xKdd ,(xKdd (xKddUh(xKdddVh(xKddd ,(xKdd* (xKdd (xKddKh<(xKdddX(xKdddX(xKdddX(xKdddX(xKddd ,(xKdd ,(xKddh<(xKdddO (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd, (xKdd ,(xKdd_ (xKdd ,(xKddh(xKdddh(xKdddh(xKdddh(xKddd ,(xKdd5 (xKddh(xKddd ,(xKdd (xKdd (xKddRh<(xKddd X(xKdddX(xKdddX(xKddd X(xKddd ,(xKdd ,(xKdd (xKdd; (xKdd! (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKddIn positive predictive test the denominator is: True positive + False positive. In negative predictive test, the denominator is: False negative + True negative. Tips Another definite question in All India !! 51. The parameters of sensitivity and specificity are used for assessing: A. Criterion validity. B. Construct validity. C. Discriminant validity. D. Content validity. Answer: A (Criterion validity) Ref: Park 16th edn, 110; Park 17th edn, 111; http://www.measurementexperts.org Quality: MSc Statistics/M.Com !!! Status: New QTDF: Some books for Statisticians. Who knows!!! Discussion Validity is the degree to which an instrument measures what it is intended to measure. Note: reliability is a necessary but insufficient condition for validity. Reliability is a degree of consistency of a measure; the degree to which a test is free of random error. A test or measure that produces consistent results is said to have high reliability. Explanation A. Criterion validity is the degree to which a measure or test correlates with other measures or tests of the same construct assessed either concurrently or in the future; the ability of a test to predict a criterion. See also predictive validity. B. Construct validity is the degree to which an instrument accurately measures the construct of concern. Examples of construct validity include, but are not limited to, convergent and discriminant validity. C. Discriminant validity is a type of validity that is determined by hypothesising and examining differential relations between a test and measures of similar or different constructs. It is the opposite of convergent validity and is also known as divergent validity. Convergent validity is a type of validity that is determined by hypothesising and examining the overlap between two or more tests that presumably measure the same construct. D. Content validity is a method of establishing validity based on expert judgement that the content of the measure is consistent with what is to be measured. Comments Few more types of validity. (May be asked in future) Concurrent validityA method of determining validity as the correlation of the test with scores from known valid measures. Ecological validityA type of validity that indicates the extent to which results will generalise to other settings. Face validityThe extent to which an instrument appears to be valid to those who are completing it. Individual patient monitoring validityA validity index using a combination of useful endpoints to monitor individual patient response to care. Predictive validityA type of criterion related validity in which a test is correlated with a criterion occurring at a later point in time. Tips As told elsewhere, dont panic when you get these questions that are not for an undergraduate, but specialist (this one is even not for a doctor). Even if someone has the question paper the previous day, he cannot answer these types of questions. Go to the next question. 52. A measure of location which divides the distribution in the ratio of 3:1 is: A. Median. B. First quartile. C. Third quartile. D. Mode. Answer: C. (Third quartile) Ref: Methods of Biostatistics by T.Bhaskar Rao (PARAS) Page 28; High Yield Biostatistics Page 9 Quality: Reader Status: New QTDF: High Yield Biostatistics Discussion The location of other points in the range can be measured by percentiles of centiles, which are values in a series of observations, arranged in ascending order of magnitudes which divides the distribution into 100 equal parts. Median is 50th percentile. i.e. it will have 50% observations on either side, 10th percentile should have 10% observations to the left and 90% of the right. Percentiles are used to divide a distribution into convenient groups. Those in common use are: Quartile denotes division of the entire range of distribution into four equal parts, of equal probability by three equidistant points First Quartile will have distribution in the ratio = 1:3 (as 25% observations are to the left and 75% to the right) Second Quartile will have distribution in ratio = 2:2 (or 1:1 , as 50% observations are to the left and 50% to the right) Third Quartile will have distribution in the ratio= 3:1 (as 75% of observations are to left and 25% to the right) Quintiles: Four in number, divide the distribution into equal parts. So 20th percentile or first quintile will have 20% observations falling on its left and 80% to its right. Deciles: Nine in number, divide the distribution into 10 equal parts. First decile or 10th percentile will have 10% observations on its left and 90% to its right 5th decile will be same as median. Explanation A. Median is the middle value, when all the values are arranged either in ascending or descending order.BellGothic Blk BT"U U]U|U@UUUP P :0P%:@@@ qZGd ZGd ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd ZGdHZGdZGdZGdZGd ZGdZGd ZGdZGdZGdZGd ZGdZGd ZGdAZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd#ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdTZGdZGdZGdZGdDZGdZGdZGdZGdMZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd}ZGdZGdZGdZGd ZGd ZGdZGdZGdZGdYZGd ZGdeZGd ZGdZGd ZGdnZGdVZGdZGdZGdZGd ZGdZGd/ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd2ZGd6ZGdZGdgZGdZGd)ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd ZGdZGdZGdZGdwZGd ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd ZGd ZGd2ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd ZGdzZGduZGdZGdZGdkZGdZGdZGdZGd ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd<ZGd+ZGdZGdZGd ZGdZGd%ZGd-ZGdZGd&ZGdZGdZGdZGdYZGdZGdZGdZGd6ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd ZGdZGd3ZGdZGd"ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd1ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd=#:#=#Jh(xKddd6 (xKdd (xKddgh<(xKddd-X(xKdddX(xKdddX(xKdddX(xKddd ,(xKdd ,(xKdd (xKddx (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd ,(xKdd2 (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKddz (xKddu (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKddh (xKdd) (xKddS (xKdd& (xKdd (xKddI (xKdd9 (xKdd (xKdd ,(xKdd7 (xKdd& (xKdd" (xKdd! (xKdd ,(xKdd1 (xKdd ,(xKdd (xKdd (xKdd<(xKdCC"c  C@ C1CO@@, C<#@#@#=#<#*C2 @@, Cca^7#hX9#hX9#hX?+hXChcar8#hX7#hX;+hX$Ch cah;+hX8+hX:#hX:#hX9#hX:#hX4#hX,ChcaT<#hX7#hX(ChK @@, Cz5C2cam5#hX=#hX Chcam:#hX;Ch cam9#hX,Ch cam9#hX9+hX#Ch cam9#hX<#hXChN@@,Cr<#?#?#=#CcC,Clca65#hXChV@@<ca:CXcaNCX1caDCXca0CX@@,CC@# C- Cc C@ CC @@, C:#<#8#<#A#?#7#9#C%cam<+hX:#hXChcaZ9#<CcaZ7#9# CcaZ9#:Ccam8#hXChcaZ:+3C cam9#hXChcaZ8+:#C%@@,C\ Cca^7+hX0Chcar=#hX8Chcah=#hX;ChXcaT+Ch@@, Cz=#+C'@@,Cr?#9#=#>#?#8CcC,CBca62Ch@@<ca:1CXEcaN#CX caD#CX ca0$CX C@@,.C<C=#9CbC9CCCF@@, C?#:#8#;#!Ca cam Checam ChcamChc8#,:#@#0C@@, CC:@@, Cz8#<#1C-@@,Cr<#CcC,CXca67+hX6#hX0Ch@@<ca:6#XhCXcaN7+Xh<#Xh CX0caD2#XhCX8ca07+Xh<#Xh CX0@@,?#A#CCE#C#&C Cc]C@ C># Ct @@, C>#B#<#<#=#:#=#@#>#3#<#B#>#@# CJ@@,C, CC:@@, Cz6#8C c:#,?#>#9#<#)C @@,Crcam7#hXChcam9#hXChc5C,cC,Cca66#hX,Ch2 @@<ca:)CX] caNCXcaDCXca0CX@@,CV C#9Cc C@ CCv@@, C2CtcC,xcC,cC,c C,c8C,c9#,Cc7#,CHc*C,dc/C,c3C,c-C, cC,cC,3c;#,,CEc'c, Cc<#,Cc%C, cC,Vc:#,Cvc8C,cC,p @@,C Ccc,3C"cc,"C cc,Ccc,C @@, Cz1C,@@,Cr>#8#=CC3  ,q f .HP LaserJet 2100 Series PCL 6HP LaserJet 2100 Series PCL 6LPT1:@@xGMMd(xKdddContents^tIndex ,^>;^>^=.^>X C:\PM6\RSRC\USENGLSHxA88dd0PP  db ..--__  UtopiaVAG Rounded Lt"VAG Rounded Th"VanDijkDEERViva BoldExtraExtendedViva RegularWalkman-Chanakya-901"Walkman-Chanakya-Bd-Italix-901"Walkman-Chanakya-Boldx-901"Walkman-Chanakya-Italix-901"WeatherRWillowWoodtype Ornaments 1RZapfDingbatsRZapfDingbats BToRMarlettLucida Console1Tahoma"Courier New1Arial Black"Comic Sans MSBImpact"Verdana"WebdingsWP Greek CenturyWP MultinationalA Courier1WP MultinationalB Courier1WP BoxDrawing1 WP Greek Courier1WP Hebrew DavidWP MultinationalA HelveWP MultinationalB HelveWP Phonetic"WP TypographicSymbolsWP IconicSymbolsAWP IconicSymbolsBWP MathAWP MathBWP MathExtendedAWP MathExtendedBWP Greek HelveWP JapaneseWP MultinationalA RomanWP MultinationalB RomanWP CyrillicAWP CyrillicBWP Arabic SihafaWP ArabicScript SihafaHaettenschweiler"Arial Narrow"Bookman Old StyleMonotype SortsGaramondMS OutlookBookshelf Symbol 1"Bookshelf Symbol 2Bookshelf Symbol 4"Bookshelf Symbol 5Albertus Extra Bold"Albertus Medium"Antique Olive"CG Omega"CG TimesClarendon CondensedCoronetBLetter Gothic1MarigoldBUnivers"Univers Condensed"Palatino-Bold ThPalatino-ItalicBook AntiquaDauphinFuturaBlack BTRFutura Md BT"Futura XBlk BT"Futura Lt BT"GoudyHandtooled BTRGoudyOlSt BTLithographLithographLightRMT ExtraOzHandicraft BTBPosterBodoni BTSerifa BTArial" !Bookshelf Symbol 3!Helvetica" !Palatino!Wingdings!Symbol!Times!Times New Roman!TektoMM_240 RG 564 NO"TektoMM"Aachen BTAachenDEEMedRAdLib BTAGaramondAldine401 BTAldine721 BTAldine721 Lt BTAlefbetAlexei Copperplate"AlgerianBasDAlgerianBasDEERAlgerianDAllegro BTRAlternateGothic2 BT"Amazone BTBAmelia BTAmericana BTAmericana XBd BTAmericana XBdCn BTAmericanText BTAmericanTypItcDEEBolRAmericanTypItcDEEMedRAmericanUncDAmeriGarmnd BTAmerigo BTAmerigo Md BTAmerType Md BTAnimals 1RAnimals 2RArchitectureArnoldBoeDArriba ArribaArrows1RArrows2RArrus Blk BTArrus BTArsisDEERegRArsisDRegAtlantic Inline"Aurora BdCn BT"Aurora Cn BT"AvantGarde Bk BT"AvantGarde Md BT"AvantGarGotItcTEERAvantGarGotItcTEEDemRAwardsRBakerSignet BTBBalloon Bd BTBalloon Lt BTBalloon XBd BTBalloonsRBangBankGothic Lt BT"BankGothic Md BT"BardBaskervilleOldFacDEERBauerBodDEERBauerBodni BdCn BTBauerBodni Blk BTBauerBodni BlkCn BTBauerBodni BTBauerBodni Titl BTBauhaus Hv BT"Bauhaus Lt BT"Bauhaus Md BT"BauhausITCEEHeaRBauhausItcTEEBolRBauhausItcTEEMedRBedrockBeehiveBellCent Add BT"BellCent BdList BT"BellCent NamNum BT"BellCent SubCap BT"BellGothic Blk BT"Freehand521 BTBFreehand575 BTBFreehand591 BTBFreestyle Script"FreestyleScrDFreestyleScrDEERFrizQuadrata BT"FrizQuaItcTEERFurnitureRFuturaTEERFuturaTEEBolConRFuturaTEELigRFuturaTEELigConRFuturaTEEMedRFuturaTEEMedConRGaramond BookCondensedGaramond LightCondensedGaramondItcTEERGaramondItcTEEConRGaramondNo4CyrTCYLigRGaramondNo4CyrTCYMedRGaramondNo4TEELigRGaramondNo4TEEMedRGeographicSymbolsRGiddyup"GoudyOldStyTEERGoudyOldStyTEEExtBolRGreymantle MVB"HandelGotDBolHandelGotDLigHandelGothic BTHarlowDHarpoonHazelHehenHebTBolRHelv"Modern"Helvetica 55"Helvetica Ins"#h,@ l ,@ l !,@ l hXXXX,@ l j,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ^DAdobe Compatibility CMSAdobe Compatibility CMSPageMaker 5.0 RGBDAdobe Compatibility CMS Adobe Compatibility CMSPageMaker 5.0 CMYK@~ /@/3 .@;.@.-@'-;00%%@ (( @        !    ! @     s@ @ Q            @  ; - $ $ @% % > = +' @' ' @( )@)@@4+/ /@@ .@;.@.-)-@00%%(( @        !    ! @     s@ @ Q    @  @  @ ; - $ $ @% % > = +' @' ' @( )@)$@  B. First quartile will have distribution in the ratio = 1:3 (as 25% observations are to the left and 75% to the right). C. Third quartile will have distribution in the ratio= 3:1 (as 75% of observations are to the left and 25% to the right). D. Mode is the most commonly occurring value. Comments Centiles are commonly used in Growth Charts (see the chapter Preventive Medicine in OG and Paediatrics) Tips Quartile has 4 parts and 3 points. Quintiles will have 5 parts and 4 points and so on. The number of points will be one less than the number of parts. The root in the terminology refers to the parts and not the points. That means if some- one asks you about how many points will be there in an octile, dont jump to say 8. Octiles have 8 parts and 7 points. 53. Chi-square test is used to measure the degree of: A. Causal relationship between exposure and effect. B. Association between two variables. C. Correlation between two variables. D. Agreement between two observations. Answer: B (Association between two variables) Ref: Mahajan, 168,169 gives the ANSWER; Also can be seen in; Bhaskar Rao, 115; Park 16th edn, 598; Park 17th edn, 616 Quality: Too Much Status: New and will be repeated !! QTDF: Mahajan Page 169 Discussion Chi -square test involves calculation of a quantity called Chi-square (X2) from the Greek letter Chi and pronounced as kye. It was developed by Karl Pearson and has got the following three common, but very important applications in medical statistics as a test of: Proportion Association Goodness of fit The test of association between two events in binominal or multinominal samples is the most important application of the test in statistical methods. It measures the probability of association between two discrete attributes. Explanation Self Explanatory Comments Fed up with Biostatistics.??!! Something else the Greek alphabet Chi (X) is the name behind the terms Optic Chiasma (looks like a cross) and Chiasma in chromosomes. Tips Be ready with all the formulae in statistics. Often you may get numerical problems. 54. The P value of a randomised controlled trial comparing operation A (new procedure) and Operation B (Gold standard) is 0.04. From this, we conclude that: A. Type II error is small and we can accept the findings of the study. B. The probability of a false negative conclusion that operation A is better than operation B, when in truth it is not, is 4%. C. The power of study to detect a difference between operation A and B is 96% . D. The probability of a false positive conclusion that operation A is better than operation B, when in truth it is not, is 4%. Answer: D (The probability of a false positive conclusion that operation A is better than operation B, when in truth it is not, is 4%) Ref: Sabiston Pretest Chapter 2...Q.22.; Sabiston , 153 to 154; Also can be seen in ; Biostatistics Buster 129; Mahajan 122; High Yield Biostatistics Page 71; Bhaskar Rao 77 Quality: Thinker Status: New Question QTDF: Sabiston Pretest Chapter 2...Q.22, the question and the choices are taken verbatim..... Discussion The P value or alpha is the probability that a false positive conclusion is selected when in truth it is not is called an Alpha (Type I) Error. The errorneous false negative conclusion is called a Beta (Type II) Error. The probability of drawing a true positive conclusion when this is correct is called the power of study. By convention, most studies use a 5% risk of concluding that experimental therapy and the conventional therapy produce different clinical outcomes when, in fact, they do not (a false positive, Type I, or Alpha Error of 0.05) and run a 20% risk of concluding that experimental and conventional therapy do not produce a clinical outcome when in fact they do (a false negative, Type II or Beta Error or 0.2). The power of study is then 1 to 0.20 or 80% chance of finding a difference between two therapies and of finding a statistical difference. Explanation Self Explanatory Comments I am sure you would not have expected an SPM Question from Surgery but this is the way with AIIMS people !!!! Sabiston Pretest gives few other rather important points, in a different perspective. A lot of questions can be answered from that and it is a small book (and can be read in one day) as compared to Schwartz Pretest. Schwartz Pretest gained immense popularity as surgery questions and choices of AIPG 2002 were asked verbatim from that book. Tips Type I Error Ilusion You see something that is not there. Type II Error beta Blindness You dont see something that is there. Mnemonic from Biostatistics Buster by Himanshu Tyagi 55. For calculation of sample size for a prevalence study all of the following are necessary, except: A. Prevalence of the disease in population. B. Power of the study. C. Significance level. D. Desired precision. Answer: B (Power of the study) Ref: Methods of Biostatistics by Bhaskar Rao (PARAS) First Edition Section 9 - Calculation of Sample Size - Pages 102 - 105 Quality: For Statisticians Status: New QTDF: Bhaskar Rao Discussion Calculation of sample size for a qualitative data Sample size (N) = 4pq/L2, where p = positive character q = 1 p L = allowable error in p (in %) usually 10% or 20% of p E.g. : Death rate of measles in children is found to be 10 %. What should be the size of sample needed to find death rates of measles. Here, p = 10% q = 90% L is 10% of 10% = 1 Hence, N = 4 pq/L2 = 4 90 10 /1 1 = 3600 Calculation of sample size for a quantitative data Sample size (N) = {4 pq/L2} {x (1.1)/rnh,}, where N = required sample size 4 = factor required to achieve the 95% level of confidence (Significance level comes here - Choice C) p = Prevalence of Indicator (Choice A) L = Margin of Error to be tolerated (Allowable error, i.e. Precision - Choice D) q = prevalence of negative character x = design effect 1.1 = factor required to raise the sample size by 10% for non -response g = propation of our population in the total population hh = Average household size Explanation A. Prevalence of the disease in population is needed. B. Power of the study is not needed. C. Significance level is needed. D. Desired precision is needed. Comments More information can be seen at the book quoted. Tips When you see a question like this in exam, and you cant even know what it means, or from where the question has come from, then you have to go immediately to the next question. GáD*w-kDLD*w-kH!0߸pP0PP  pf '\P-kDlGáD*w-kDLD*w-k '\P-kDlGáD*w-kDLD*w-kH!0Pp0PP  Z J '\P-kDlGáD*w-kDLD*w-k '\P-kDlGáD*w-kDLD*w-kH!0߸pP0PP  0񄋋D_-kD'|x%A\Pb '\P-kDlGáD*w-kDLD*w-kH!0Pp0PP   ,(xKdd (xKddh(xKdddm(xKdddIh(xKdddp(xKdddJh(xKddd(xKddd ,(xKddkh(xKdddyh(xKddd|h(xKddd/h(xKddd ,(xKddh (xKdd ,(xKddj (xKdd (xKdd7h<(xKddd5X(xKddd'X(xKddd'X(xKddd(X(xKddd (xKdd ,(xKdd( ,(xKdd (xKdd# (xKddO (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd ,(xKdd  (xKddh(xKdddh(xKdddh(xKddd (xKdd ,(xKdd (xKdd ,(xKdd (xKdd ,(xKddT (xKdd (xKddh<(xKdddHX(xKdddX(xKdddQX(xKdddX(xKddd ,(xKdd ,(xKdd (xKdd# (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd# (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKddY (xKdd ,(xKdde (xKdd ,(xKdd (xKdd ,(xKddn (xKddV (xKdd ,(xKddBh(xKddd&Cca<#hXCh@B, CcaChca5+hX8+hX Ch ca8+hXChcaChJ@@x9Cj@@PcdCCC,ccFc$Sc8 SCcdCCC,cp cpF cp$0 cp8 TcpACpcp cpFcp$'cp8 OcpTCpcp cpF5cp$ccp8 YcpRCpcdCCC,cpcpFAcp$Dcp8 bCpecdCCC,@@, C cmC,cmC,cm2C,cm2C,cm-C,Bcm-C,2cC,C\ca6ChF @B<cc,CcC, c#C, cAN@@<ca: CXwcaN CXicaDCXca0CX?@B,CC?#CCc)C@ C C@@, CCb@@, CC:@@, Cz$C @@,Cr#CJ cC,Crca66#hX2Chb@@<cc,"Cz cc,"Cz cc,"CN cc,!C[ @@,.CA#(C| Cc)C@ C C@@, CCb@@, CC:@@, Cz@#@#E#6#>#>#+C cam0ch&#ch CX cam1ch#ch C @@,Cr*C CCDca67#hXChN@@<ca:CXcaNCXcaDCXca0CXE@@,C C@@<4#&ZGdZZGd ZGdZGd ZGdZGdGZGdZGd(ZGd>ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd22GdZGdZGdFGd22GdFGd22Gd!FGd22Gd ZGdZGd#ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd ZGPdZGdZGdZGd ZGdZGd ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd ZGd ZGdZGdZZGd ZGd ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd ZGdZGd ZGdZGd ZGd$ZGdZGdZGd#ZGdZGdmZGdZGd"ZGdZGd"ZGdZGd"ZGdZGd!ZGdZGdZGdZGd#ZGdZGdZGdcZGdZGd ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd ZGdZGd ZGdZGd ZGdAZGd#ZGd>ZGdZGdSZGdZGdTZGdZGdZGd*ZGdZGdKZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd ZGdZGdZGdOZGdZGd ZGdZGdZGdy CMSRecommended book for AIPG/AIIMS Exams 1. RxPG Series - Biostatistics Buster - 1st Edition - Himanshu Tyagi - Jaypee Publishers References 1. Park (obviously!!) 2. Methods in Biostatistics for Medical Students and Research Workers - 6th Edition - B.K.Mahajan - Jaypee Publishers 3. Methods of Biostatistics - Bhaskar Rao - PARAS Publishers 4. High Yield Biostatistics The Basic Concepts in Biostatistics (given in all books) Disease Status Disease Status Test results Diseased Not Diseased Total Positive a = true positive b = false positive a + b Negative c = false negative d = true negative c + d Total a + c b + d a + b + c + d Formulae Sensitivity = a/(a+c) 100 Specificity = d/(b+d) 100 Predictive value of positive test = a/(a+b) 100 Predictive value of negative test = d/(c+d) 100 Percentage of false positive = b/(b+d) 100 Percentage of false negative = c/(a+c) 100 49. Study this formula carefully: True positives 100 True positives + False negatives This denotes: A. Sensitivity. B. Specificity. C. Positive predictive value. D. Negative predictive value. Answer: A (Sensitivity) Ref: Park 16th edn, 110; Park 17th edn, 111; And all the books mentioned above give this Quality: Spotter Status: Repeat QTDF: Park Discussion See the formulae Explanation Self Explanatory Comments A definite question in All India !! Tips Get these formulae into your head. 50. For the calculation of positive predictive value of a screening test, the denominator is comprised of: A. True positives + False negatives. B. False positives + True negatives. C. True positives + False positives. D. True positives + True negatives. Answer : C (True positives + False positives) Ref: Park 16th Edition Page 110; Park 17th Edition Page 111; And all the books mentioned above give this Quality: Spotter Status: Repeat QTDF: Park Discussion See the formulae Explanation Self Explanatory Comments Predictive value reflects the diagnostic power of the test. The predictive value of a positive test indicates the probability that a patient with a positive test result has, in fact, the disease in question. The more prevalent a disease, in a given population, the more accurate will be the predictive value of a positive screening test. The predictive value of a positive test falls as disease prevalence declines. & (xKddZh(xKddd ,(xKdd h(xKdddh(xKdddGh(xKdddh(xKdddh(xKddd9hxP(xKddd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd" (xKdd6 (xKdd6 (xKdd (xKdd! (xKdd (xKdd ,(xKdd (xKdd#h<(xKddd (xKdd (xKdd! (xKddh<(xKdddX(xKdddX(xKdddX(xKddd^DAdobe Compatibility CMSAdobe Compatibility CMSPageMaker 5.0 RGBDAdobe Compatibility CMS Adobe Compatibility CMSPageMaker 5.0 CMYK      !"#$%&'()*+,-./CC"c  C@ C1CO@@, C<#@#@#=#<#*C2 @@, Cca^7#hX9#hX9#hX?+hXChcar8#hX7#hX;+hX$Ch cah;+hX8+hX:#hX:#hX9#hX:#hX4#hX,ChcaT<#hX7#hX(ChK @@, Cz5C2cam5#hX=#hX Chcam:#hX;Ch cam9#hX,Ch cam9#hX9+hX#Ch cam9#hX<#hXChN@@,Cr<#?#?#=#CcC,Clca65#hXChV@@<ca:CXcaNCX1caDCXca0CX@@,CC@# C- Cc C@ CC @@, C:#<#8#<#A#?#7#9#C%cam<+hX:#hXChcaZ9#<CcaZ7#9# CcaZ9#:Ccam8#hXChcaZ:+3C cam9#hXChcaZ8+:#C%@@,C\ Cca^7+hX0Chcar=#hX8Chcah=#hX;ChXcaT+Ch@@, Cz=#+C'@@,Cr?#9#=#>#?#8CcC,CBca62Ch@@<ca:1CXEcaN#CX caD#CX ca0$CX C@@,.C<C=#9CbC9CCCF@@, C?#:#8#;#!Ca cam Checam ChcamChc8#,:#@#0C@@, CC:@@, Cz8#<#1C-@@,Cr<#CcC,CXca67+hX6#hX0Ch@@<ca:6#XhCXcaN7+Xh<#Xh CX0caD2#XhCX8ca07+Xh<#Xh CX0@@,?#A#CCE#C#&C Cc]C@ C># Ct @@, C>#B#<#<#=#:#=#@#>#3#<#B#>#@# CJ@@,C, CC:@@, Cz6#8C c:#,?#>#9#<#)C @@,Crcam7#hXChcam9#hXChc5C,cC,Cca66#hX,Ch2 @@<ca:)CX] caNCXcaDCXca0CX@@,CV C#9Cc C@ CCv@@, C2CtcC,xcC,cC,c C,c8C,c9#,Cc7#,CHc*C,dc/C,c3C,c-C, cC,cC,3c;#,,CEc'c, Cc<#,Cc%C, cC,Vc:#,Cvc8C,cC,p @@,C Ccc,3C"cc,"C cc,Ccc,C @@, Cz1C,@@,Cr>#8#=CC ,(xKdd (xKddh(xKdddm(xKdddIh(xKdddp(xKdddJh(xKddd(xKddd ,(xKddkh(xKdddyh(xKddd|h(xKddd/h(xKddd ,(xKddh (xKdd ,(xKddj (xKdd (xKdd7h<(xKddd5X(xKddd'X(xKddd'X(xKddd(X(xKddd (xKdd ,(xKdd( ,(xKdd (xKdd# (xKddO (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd ,(xKdd  (xKddh(xKdddh(xKdddh(xKddd (xKdd ,(xKdd (xKdd ,(xKdd (xKdd ,(xKddT (xKdd (xKddh<(xKdddHX(xKdddX(xKdddQX(xKdddX(xKddd ,(xKdd ,(xKdd (xKdd# (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd# (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKdd (xKddY (xKdd ,(xKdde (xKdd ,(xKdd (xKdd ,(xKddn (xKddV (xKdd ,(xKddBh(xKdddqZGd ZGd ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd ZGdHZGdZGdZGdZGd ZGdZGd ZGdZGdZGdZGd ZGdZGd ZGdAZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd#ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdTZGdZGdZGdZGdDZGdZGdZGdZGdMZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd}ZGdZGdZGdZGd ZGd ZGdZGdZGdZGdYZGd ZGdeZGd ZGdZGd ZGdnZGdVZGdZGdZGdZGd ZGdZGd/ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd2ZGd6ZGdZGdgZGdZGd)ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd ZGdZGdZGdZGdwZGd ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd ZGd ZGd2ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd ZGdzZGduZGdZGdZGdkZGdZGdZGdZGd ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd<ZGd+ZGdZGdZGd ZGdZGd%ZGd-ZGdZGd&ZGdZGdZGdZGdYZGdZGdZGdZGd6ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd ZGdZGd3ZGdZGd"ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd1ZGdZGdZGdZGdZGd/h ,@ l h,@ l ,@ l j,@ l ,@ l 7h5X'X'X(X,@ l ,@ l (,@ l ,@ l #,@ l O,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l hhh,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l ,@ l T,@ l ,@ l hHXXQXX^DAdobe Compatibility CMSAdobe Compatibility CMSPageMaker 5.0 RGB